Effect of chewing gum containing nicotine and caffeine on energy expenditure and substrate utilization in men
Jessen AB, Toubro S, Astrup A
The American journal of clinical nutrition · 29 citas
Etiquetas de revisión
Financiación no declaradaDatos neutrales que nuestra revisión registró sobre cómo se hizo este estudio. Describen el método, nunca si nos gusta el resultado.
Cómo se estudió
- Diseño
- Ensayo controlado aleatorizado (indexado por PubMed)
- Estudiado en
- Personas
- Resultado principal
- Marcadores de salud y funcionamiento
Quién lo pagó
- Financiación
- Financiación no declarada
Publicación
- Publicado
- 2003-06-01 · Am J Clin Nutr · vol. 77 · número 6 · págs. 1442–1447
- Editorial
- Elsevier BV
- Citado
- 55 citas · más que el 90% de estudios similares · 2.7× el promedio de su campo
- Referencias
- 34 trabajos
- Acceso
- Lectura gratuita
- Áreas de investigación
- Smoking Behavior and Cessation · Coffee research and impacts · Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Palabras clave
- nicotine, caffeine, chewing gum, thermogenesis, energy expenditure, substrate utilization, respiratory quotient, fat oxidation, glucose oxidation, nicotine replacement therapy, nicotine dose, caffeine dose
- MeSH
- humans, nicotine, caffeine, cross-over studies, double-blind method, energy metabolism, thermogenesis, respiration, dose-response relationship, drug, drug synergism, chewing gum, adult, male
3 autores
- Anna B Jessen
- Søren Toubro
- Arne Vernon Astrup · autor de correspondencia
Resumen
El texto original del estudio, en el idioma en que se publicó.
Background
Nicotine replacement therapy limits weight gain after smoking cessation. This finding is partly attributable to the thermogenic effect of nicotine, which may be enhanced by caffeine.
Objective
We assessed the acute thermogenic effects of chewing gum containing different doses of nicotine and caffeine.
Design
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study included 12 healthy, normal-weight men (aged 18-45 y). Energy expenditure was measured with indirect calorimetry before and 2.5 h after subjects chewed each of 7 different types of gum containing the following doses of nicotine/caffeine: 0/0, 1/0, 2/0, 1/50, 2/50, 1/100, and 2/100 mg/mg.
Results
The thermogenic responses (increases over the response to placebo) were 3.7%, 4.9%, 7.9%, 6.3%, 8.5%, and 9.8%, respectively, for the gums containing 1/0, 2/0, 1/50, 2/50, 1/100, and 2/100 mg nicotine/mg caffeine (P < 0.05 for all). Adding caffeine to 1 and 2 mg nicotine significantly enhanced the thermogenic response, but changing the caffeine dose (from 50 to 100 mg) did not change the thermogenic effect. None of the combinations changed the respiratory quotient compared with placebo, which indicates that glucose and fat oxidation rates were increased to a similar extent. Side effects occurred only with 2 mg nicotine.
Conclusions
One milligram of nicotine has a pronounced thermogenic effect, which can be increased by approximately 100% by adding 100 mg caffeine. Increasing the nicotine dose to 2 mg does not increase the thermogenic effect but produces side effects in most subjects. Caffeine may be useful in preventing weight gain after smoking cessation if its thermogenic effect can be used to enhance nicotine's effect on long-term energy balance.
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