Water consumption and use, trihalomethane exposure, and the risk of hypospadias
Iszatt N, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Nelson P, Elliott P, Toledano MB
Pediatrics · 24 citas
Cómo se estudió
- Diseño
- Ensayo controlado aleatorizado (indexado por PubMed)
- Estudiado en
- Personas
- Resultado principal
- Eventos clínicos como enfermedad o muerte
Quién lo pagó
- Financiación
- Financiación independiente
- Organización sin fines de lucro
- Wellcome Trust
- Gobierno
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Gobierno
- Medical Research Council
- Gobierno
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)
Según 4 financiadores declarados.
Publicación
- Publicado
- 2011-01-11 · Pediatrics · vol. 127 · número 2 · págs. e389–e397
- Editorial
- American Academy of Pediatrics
- Citado
- 32 citas · más que el 89% de estudios similares · 2.8× el promedio de su campo
- Referencias
- 59 trabajos
- Acceso
- De pago
- Áreas de investigación
- Water Treatment and Disinfection · Urological Disorders and Treatments · Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Palabras clave
- hypospadias, trihalomethanes, drinking water disinfection by-products, bottled water, tap water, bromodichloromethane, congenital malformations, prenatal exposure, dishwashing
- MeSH
- humans, hypospadias, prenatal exposure delayed effects, trihalomethanes, risk factors, case-control studies, pregnancy, drinking, child, preschool, infant, female, male
5 autores
- Nina Iszatt🇬🇧Imperial College London
- Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen🇪🇸Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology; Municipal Institute for Medical Research
- Paul Nelson
- Paul Elliott🇬🇧 · autor de correspondenciaImperial College London
- Mireille B. Toledano🇬🇧Imperial College London
Resumen
El texto original del estudio, en el idioma en que se publicó.
Objectives
Hypospadias is a congenital anomaly that affects up to 70 in 10 000 males. Ingestion of drinking-water-disinfection byproducts such as trihalomethanes (THMs) has been associated with hypospadias in a small sample. We examined risk of hypospadias and exposure to THMs through water consumption and use.
Methods
Between September 2000 and March 2003, we interviewed mothers of 471 boys with hypospadias and 490 controls in southeast England about maternal water consumption, dishwashing, showering, bathing and swimming. We obtained residential THM concentrations from the water companies and linked them by using Geographical Information Systems, which provided data on 468 case-subjects and 485 controls.
Results
THM exposures, except for ingestion of ≥ 6 μg/day of bromodichloromethane (odds ratio [OR]: 1.65 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02-2.69]), were not associated with risk of hypospadias. Elevated risk of hypospadias was associated with estimates of consumption of cold tap water at home (OR: 1.71 [95% CI: 1.07-2.76]), total water (OR: 1.70 [95% CI: 1.09-2.67]), bottled water (OR: 1.64 [95% CI: 1.09-2.48]), and total fluid (OR: 1.55 [95% CI: 1.01-2.39]) for the highest versus the lowest categories; the first 2 showed dose-response trends.
Conclusions
Evidence for an association between maternal water consumption and risk of hypospadias did not seem to be explained by THM exposure. Factors that influence maternal water consumption or other contaminants in tap or bottled water might explain this finding. It is important that women maintain an adequate fluid intake during pregnancy.
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