The Effects of Cold Exposure Training and a Breathing Exercise on the Inflammatory Response in Humans: A Pilot Study
Zwaag J, Naaktgeboren R, van Herwaarden AE, Pickkers P, Kox M
Psychosomatic medicine · 27 citas
Etiquetas de revisión
Solo mecanismosDatos neutrales que nuestra revisión registró sobre cómo se hizo este estudio. Describen el método, nunca si nos gusta el resultado.
Cómo se estudió
- Diseño
- Ensayo controlado aleatorizado (indexado por PubMed)
- Estudiado en
- Personas
- Resultado principal
- Solo mecanismos
Quién lo pagó
- Financiación
- Financiación independiente
- Universidad u hospital
- Radboud Universiteit
- Universidad u hospital
- Radboud Universitair Medisch Centrum
Según 2 financiadores declarados y la declaración de financiación del texto completo.
Publicación
- Publicado
- 2022-02-23 · Psychosom Med · vol. 84 · número 4 · págs. 457–467
- Editorial
- Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- Citado
- 35 citas · más que el 91% de estudios similares · 2.8× el promedio de su campo
- Impacto
- Entre el 10 % más citado de su campo
- Referencias
- 24 trabajos
- Acceso
- Acceso abierto (revista híbrida) · CC-BY-NC-ND
- Áreas de investigación
- Exercise and Physiological Responses · Thermoregulation and physiological responses · Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Palabras clave
- Inflammatory response, Breathing, Breathing exercises, Inflammation, In vivo, Fight-or-flight response
- MeSH
- humans, epinephrine, lipopolysaccharides, cytokines, breathing exercises, pilot projects, male
5 autores
- Jelle Zwaag🇳🇱Radboud University Nijmegen; Radboud University Medical Center
- Rick Naaktgeboren🇳🇱Radboud University Nijmegen; Radboud University Medical Center
- Antonius E. van Herwaarden🇳🇱Radboud University Nijmegen; Radboud University Medical Center
- Peter Pickkers🇳🇱Radboud University Nijmegen; Radboud University Medical Center
- Matthijs Kox🇳🇱 · autor de correspondenciaRadboud University Nijmegen; Radboud University Medical Center
Resumen
El texto original del estudio, en el idioma en que se publicó.
Objective
We previously showed that a training intervention comprising a combination of meditation, exposure to cold, and breathing exercises enables voluntary activation of the sympathetic nervous system, reflected by profoundly increased plasma epinephrine levels, and subsequent attenuation of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response. Several elements of the intervention may contribute to these effects, namely, two different breathing exercises (either with or without prolonged breath retention) and exposure to cold. We determined the contribution of these different elements to the observed effects.
Methods
Forty healthy male volunteers were randomized to either a short or an extensive training in both breathing exercises by either the creator of the training intervention or an independent trainer. The primary outcome was plasma epinephrine levels. In a subsequent study, 48 healthy male volunteers were randomized to cold exposure training, training in the established optimal breathing exercise, a combination of both, or no training. These 48 participants were subsequently intravenously challenged with 2 ng/kg LPS. The primary outcome was plasma cytokine levels.
Results
Both breathing exercises were associated with an increase in plasma epinephrine levels, which did not vary as a function of length of training or the trainer (F(4,152) = 0.53, p = .71, and F(4,152) = 0.92, p = .46, respectively). In the second study, the breathing exercise also resulted in increased plasma epinephrine levels. Cold exposure training alone did not relevantly modulate the LPS-induced inflammatory response (F(8,37) = 0.60, p = .77), whereas the breathing exercise led to significantly enhanced anti-inflammatory and attenuated proinflammatory cytokine levels (F(8,37) = 3.80, p = .002). Cold exposure training significantly enhanced the immunomodulatory effects of the breathing exercise (F(8,37) = 2.57, p = .02).
Conclusions
The combination of cold exposure training and a breathing exercise most potently attenuates the in vivo inflammatory response in healthy young males. Our study demonstrates that the immunomodulatory effects of the intervention can be reproduced in a standardized manner, thereby paving the way for clinical trials.Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT02417155 and NCT03240497.
Resumen vía Europe PMC. Los derechos de autor siguen siendo de los autores o la editorial (CC BY-NC-ND).
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