A Systematic and Ethnobotanical Review of Ashwagandha's ( Withania Somnifera ) Teratogenic and Abortifacient Potentials

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, commonly known as ashwagandha, has been widely used in Ayurvedic medicine for its adaptogenic properties and therapeutic potential and has been investigated for its benefits related to sleep and stress management by Western medicine. However, concerns regarding its teratogenic and abortifacient effects have emerged following reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) and regulatory bodies. This systematic and ethnobotanical review critically evaluates these claims by assessing ashwagandha's toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, and available safety data. A comprehensive literature review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted to identify studies on its reproductive toxicity, molecular interactions, and traditional usage. Historical ethnobotanical reports suggest potential abortifacient effects, but citation distortion and lack of primary source validation raise concerns regarding the validity of such claims. Toxicological studies in animal models demonstrate high tolerability, with no significant reproductive toxicity observed at doses relevant to human consumption. Human clinical studies also show no adverse effects on thyroid function, hormonal balance, or reproductive health. Altogether, evidence supporting significant teratogenic or abortifacient activity remains inconclusive. This review highlights the need for standardized, high-quality research addressing fertility and developmental outcomes in controlled conditions. Given the widespread use of ashwagandha as a dietary supplement ingredient and traditional medicine, a balanced and evidence-based approach is required to assess its safety, ensuring that regulatory actions are informed by robust scientific data rather than historical speculation.