Revisiting the evidence on caffeine mouth rinse: effects on exercise and cognitive performance: a meta-analytic review
Deng H, Fan X, Song T, Bin Mohd Nasiruddin NJ, Ahmad Fuaad AA, Bin Naharudin MN
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 3 citas
Cómo se estudió
- Diseño
- Metaanálisis (indexado por PubMed)
- Estudiado en
- Personas
- Resultado principal
- Marcadores de salud y funcionamiento
Quién lo pagó
- Financiación
- Financiación independiente
Según la declaración de financiación del texto completo.
Publicación
- Publicado
- 2026-03-03 · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · vol. 23 · número 1 · pág. 2638903
- Editorial
- Springer Science+Business Media
- Citado
- 7 citas · más que el 100% de estudios similares · 27.3× el promedio de su campo
- Impacto
- Entre el 10 % más citado de su campo
- Referencias
- 0 trabajos
- Acceso
- Acceso abierto (revista) · CC-BY
- Áreas de investigación
- Coffee research and impacts · Sports Performance and Training · Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Palabras clave
- caffeine, exercise performance, cognitive performance, cardiorespiratory fitness, ergogenic aids, dose-response relationship, feeding state
- MeSH
- humans, caffeine, mouthwashes, exercise, cognition, physical endurance, athletic performance, cognitive enhancement
6 autores
- Hengzhi Deng🇲🇾University of Malaya
- Xiaohan Fan🇲🇾University of Malaya
- Tianyu Song🇲🇾University of Malaya
- Nasnoor Juzaily Mohd Nasiruddin🇲🇾University of Malaya
- Abdullah Al Hadi Ahmad Fuaad🇲🇾University of Malaya
- Mohamed Nashrudin Naharudin🇲🇾 · autor de correspondenciaUniversity of Malaya
Resumen
El texto original del estudio, en el idioma en que se publicó.
Background
Caffeine mouth rinsing (Caff-MR) may activate oropharyngeal receptors and rapidly engage central networks for motivation, attention, and pacing without systemic absorption. The only prior meta-analysis found no stable ergogenic effect, yet the evidence base has continued to expand and remains heterogeneous.
Methods
Six electronic databases were searched up to 2 October 2025 for Caff-MR studies on exercise and cognitive outcomes. Study quality was assessed using modified PEDro and RoB-2. Three-level meta-analyses synthesized both outcomes. Prespecified moderators were sex, training status, habitual caffeine use, feeding state, exercise or cognitive type, rinse duration, and total oral exposure. Sensitivity analyses addressed assumed within-subject correlations, outliers, and influential cases.
Results
Thirty-one studies (k = 167 effects) met inclusion. Caff-MR was associated with trivial-to-small improvements in exercise performance (k = 114; g = 0.12, p = 0.01). Benefits were most consistent for aerobic endurance and in the fed state; ~5-s rinses outperformed longer durations. Primary dose-response suggested a U-shape (32-133 mg window), but this pattern was not robust to outlier removal; under 5-s conditions, higher total exposure related negatively to performance. Cognitive effects were inconsistent overall (k = 53; g = 0.23, p = 0.07), yet after outlier removal the overall and speed-based effects reached significance, whereas accuracy remained variable. Risk of bias was predominantly "some concerns"; GRADE certainty was moderate (exercise) and very low/low (cognition).
Conclusions
Caff-MR is a practical, ingestion-free strategy yielding small, context-dependent benefits, optimized by brief (~5 s) rinses and moderate exposure, particularly for aerobic endurance. Standardized, well-powered trials are needed to refine dosing, timing, and cognitive applications.
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