Comparative effects of caffeine and paraxanthine on rowing performance and sleep quality: a randomized crossover study
Bingol Diedhiou A, Yildirim UC, Ozdenk S, Erkan D, Karakulak I, Yildirim Tuncer S, Turğut M, Gundem MC, Gundem MC, Bora MV, Akca F
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 1 cita
Cómo se estudió
- Diseño
- Ensayo controlado aleatorizado (indexado por PubMed)
- Estudiado en
- Personas
- Resultado principal
- Marcadores de salud y funcionamiento
Quién lo pagó
- Financiación
- Financiación independiente
Según la declaración de financiación del texto completo.
Publicación
- Publicado
- 2026-03-31 · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · vol. 23 · número 1 · pág. 2650339
- Editorial
- Springer Science+Business Media
- Citado
- 1 cita · más que el 91% de estudios similares · 3.9× el promedio de su campo
- Impacto
- Entre el 10 % más citado de su campo
- Referencias
- 45 trabajos
- Acceso
- Acceso abierto (revista) · CC-BY
- Áreas de investigación
- Coffee research and impacts · Sports Performance and Training · Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Palabras clave
- caffeine, paraxanthine, rowing performance, sleep quality, ergogenic aids, caffeine metabolites, rowers, daytime sleepiness, caffeine sensitivity
- MeSH
- humans, caffeine, theophylline, cross-over studies, double-blind method, sleep, heart rate, dietary supplements, male, athletic performance, young adult, performance-enhancing substances, water sports, sleep quality
10 autores
- Azize BİNGÖL DIEDHIOU🇹🇷Şırnak University
- Ulaş Can Yıldırım🇹🇷 · autor de correspondenciaSinop University
- Serhat Özdenk🇹🇷Sinop University
- Dilara Erkan🇹🇷Ankara University
- İzzet Karakulak🇹🇷Mardin Artuklu University
- Selin Yıldırım Tuncer🇹🇷Lokman Hekim Üniversitesi
- Murat Turğut🇹🇷Sinop University
- Mehmet Can Gundem🇹🇷Sinop University
- Mehmet Veysi Bora🇹🇷Mardin Artuklu University
- Fırat Akça🇹🇷Ankara University
Resumen
El texto original del estudio, en el idioma en que se publicó.
Background
Although caffeine is widely used in athletes due to its ergogenic effects, the effects of its main metabolite, paraxanthine, on performance and sleep have not been adequately investigated.
Purpose
This study aimed to comparatively investigate the effects of caffeine and its main metabolite paraxanthine on rowing performance and sleep quality.
Methods
The study was designed as a randomized, double-blind, crossover study and included 14 male university-level rowers (21.6 ± 1.9 age; 2.2 ± 1 years of rowing experience). The participants participated in 2000-m rowing ergometer time trials under four different supplementation conditions (caffeine + paraxanthine, caffeine + placebo, paraxanthine + placebo, and placebo with 200 mg each). Performance data (completion time, mean power, and heart rate), sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness were assessed by subjective scales. The data were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post-hoc tests.
Results
Compared with the placebo, the combined caffeine + paraxanthine condition was associated with faster 2000-m performance and higher mean power output (p = 0.044; Cohen's d = 0.30). Caffeine alone and paraxanthine alone did not show clear evidence of performance improvement in this sample, although estimates favored both conditions versus placebo. Conditions containing caffeine were associated with poorer subjective sleep quality, whereas paraxanthine alone showed more favorable sleep-related outcomes.
Conclusion
These results indicate that the combined ingestion of caffeine and paraxanthine elicited the most pronounced performance benefits, while paraxanthine alone did not demonstrate clear standalone ergogenic efficacy at the administered dose. However, paraxanthine was associated with better subjective sleep outcomes compared to caffeine, suggesting that its potential value may be related more to tolerability rather than superior performance enhancement, particularly for athletes training in the evening. Study limitations, including the small sample size and lack of objective sleep measures, should be considered when interpreting the results.
Practical applications
Paraxanthine may represent a practical option for athletes who prioritize sleep quality or experience sensitivity to caffeine-related sleep disturbances, although further dose‒response studies are required to clarify its ergogenic potential.
Resumen vía Europe PMC. Los derechos de autor siguen siendo de los autores o la editorial (CC BY).
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